Tuesday 29 June 2021

Iceland - Cap That

June 22


After suffering through the miserable weather during a visit to the Golden Circle, Iceland showed its sunnier side in the next few days. Good thing, really, as I can’t imagine hiking on a glacier during brutal rain would be particularly enjoyable.


Iceberg beach at Jökulsárlón

Part of an iceberg on the beach

Glacial flow off Vatnajökull


The south of Iceland is dominated by Europe’s largest ice cap: Vatnajökull. The cap itself takes up about 10% of the country's surface area, and looms omnipresently as you drive along the south coast. 


This would be the route from Reykjavik, travelling east

You can see two outlets from the glacier here


The mass of snow is part of a large national park designed to protect it (well, as much as they can - more on that later). There are other beautiful spots in the region, such as the canyon you can see below.


The canyon was formed in the last Ice
Age, about 9000 years ago

The canyon was formed by a glacier which melted,
the run-off from which sculpted the canyon

Fjadrargljufur is a canyon about a kilometre long and up to 100 metres deep, created by a glacier connected to Vatnajökull. It is stunning.


In places, the canyon is 100 metres deep

Too stunning to keep your eyes open for!


Nearby you start to see little clumps of land mushrooming up from the floor, covered with a thin layer of moss. These are part of the largest lava field in the world, which covers an incredible 580 square kilometres. The lava had cooled enough to stop by the time it reached this part.


You are not allowed to walk on it, but not just for conservation -
you might break through the surface and fall in!

580 sq km is larger than Andorra


It came from an eruption of the Laki volcanic fissure in 1783 - apparently the largest eruption in the last 1000 years, though Krakatoa may have something to say about that. It certainly affected Iceland, with the subsequent gaseous release killing a fifth of native humans and a higher percentage of animals. It also has been connected to the French Revolution, as the smoke’s journey caused crop failure and famine across western Europe. Can’t have your cake and eat it too if there’s volcanic ash dusted on top!

Benjamin Franklin even wrote about the eruption,
suggesting it affected North America

Moss has grown on the cooled lava over time


The size of the main cap becomes more apparent as the road weaves towards it. Its peak is actually a fair bit inland; instead, you see many glacier outlets which stretch out from the core.


View from the front of our minibus

We were heading to Skaftafell, one section of the glacier


We got to walk along one of these on a sunny and relatively balmy afternoon, during which time the temperature hit double digits. This walk was taken seriously by the guides - I was forced to put trousers on, and we had crampons attached to our boots.


Single file in crampons

Looking very unnatural with a pick axe in hand


Though we didn’t actually venture too far onto it, walking along the glacier was interesting. We learnt about mulans, big holes which develop and grow due to a whirlpool effect in the water flow. It was also fascinating to hear that they do these walks in winter, when there is far more snow. They make mental maps of hole locations on the summer treks and record them on a physical map in their office, as well as taking out avalanche poles to check that each step won’t be their last.


Winter activities include snowmobiling

Mind the gap!


Of course, there used to be far more snow in years gone by. It was frequently mentioned that this ice cap will never be the size it once was due to global heating. The cap itself has shrunk alarmingly over the last 30 years (Iceland’s caps as a whole have lost 500 sq km of ice since 2000). Their prediction is that this ice cap won’t exist in a hundred years. The effect of it melting, flowing into the sea and causing that to rise will be keenly felt far beyond this little island.


The lagoon's volume will only increase

Probably would be wet if I took a photo from this spot in 20 years


Some of this effect can be seen further west at Jökulsárlón, a glacier lagoon which you may recognise from Batman Begins or A View to a Kill.


You can kayak on the lagoon to see them close-up.
Can't take the Titanic through, obviously.

The blue colour shows the density of the packed ice


This place is simply mesmeric. Icebergs formed from water off a glacier (which itself is a glacial offshoot of Vatnajökull) float silently in the lagoon, which itself is growing due to accelerated melting of the cap. 


The bergs are silent but the water rushes quite
quickly and noisily towards the sea

Gorgeous panorama of the glacier lagoon


This water, quite regularly taking an iceberg with it, noisily gushes out to the sea. Many icebergs get buffeted back towards shore by the tide, resulting in the fascinating sight of a beach littered with glistening mounds of ice. The seals that hang out here are usually found in between the lagoon and the beach.



What's fascinating is that this iceberg
will never look like this again


Not all of the meltwater reaches the North Atlantic at the moment, however. Some of it is used to create the local beer which has the same name as the ice cap. At about £7 for a 330ml bottle, it certainly isn’t cheap, but it’s quite nice to ponder the history within each sip.


From here...

...to here.


Vatnajökull dominates this part of the country, offering a permanent dreamy view from the window. I’d recommend seeing it before it loses too much more of its size and aura.





Love you all,


Matt

Monday 28 June 2021

Iceland - The Golden (and soaking) Circle

June 21


Hello everyone!


Iceland is so much more than its capital of Reykjavik, which I will write about later in the trip. I had already signed up to spend a week circling the island and taking in many of its breathtaking sights.


Gullfoss

Reynisfjara

I hadn’t really looked into what was going on, which was to prove a bad mistake on the first day. Well, that and the weather. I hadn’t really planned what I was wearing and most of my gear was in my little case, which was unceremoniously shoved into a trailer and locked away when I was picked up 45 minutes late in the Reykjavik drizzle.


An ominous forecast

The Golden Circle covers many places of
interest in the southwest of Iceland

The first section of the day was to be spent exploring an area dubbed ‘The Golden Circle’, which has three popular and historically important sights. The first of these was þingvellir, pronounced thing-vellir (that P is a thorn, off of Viking runes).


It's been protected as a national park since 1930

The foundation of the current republic occurred here in 1944


It was here that, in the year 930, locals were a bit fed up of being told what to do by the Norwegian monarchy. They decided to establish the Alþingi, the world’s first democratic parliament. It was held annually and would often be the country’s largest drinking session until it was superseded more than 300 years later.


A visualisation of what the Alþingi looked like in its pomp

It was later used as a law court, sentencing cheating women to be
drowned in a nearby pond amongst other things


It was situated along a spectacular ‘wall’ where two of the Earth’s tectonic plates meet. The North American and Eurasian plates are slowly pulling apart (and I mean really slowly, up to 2cm a year). Walking along the imperious rift adds to the aura of the place.


Pingvellir is one of the most visible
examples of tectonic plates in action

The catchment area of the lake is about 1,300 sq km


The furthest point of significant interest in the Golden Circle is a truly mesmeric waterfall called Gullfoss. It’s supposed to be an even more spectacular experience in either sunshine (rainbows) or winter (icicles), but it was still a pretty panorama.


Foss translates as waterfall


I feel that I didn’t appreciate Gullfoss as much as I should have when looking at it in the flesh. This is possibly because I was busy shivering to my core and was desperately trying to find a dry place for my phone and camera.


There's a great story about the government giving permission to dam the
river in the 1920s, with the landowner's daughter then walking
barefoot to Reykjavik (over 100km) to protest


A combination of the heavens opening, a wind whipping the rain in a horizontal direction and the mist being swept up from the waterfall left me...wet. Very wet. This was where having my proper clothes, such as overtrousers, would have been immensely useful. Instead, they were sitting snugly in my suitcase. Silly boy. I had to resort to putting my phone in my glove and watching my unprotected hand turn white...and wet. At least I had my coat on - I probably wouldn’t have done if it hadn’t been drizzling in Reykjavik.


The woman's protest itself failed but the investors failed to finance
the project, leaving Gullfoss in its natural state

Apparently you get to see double rainbows on a sunny day


It also made the next stop, Geysir, a little less pleasurable than it ought to have been. This place is from where we derived ‘geyser’, so you can imagine what’s here. The particular spout that gave us the name doesn’t erupt anymore but it’s nearby neighbour, Strokkur, is happy to hog the limelight for now.


Rather warm water


It erupts every five to ten minutes, with water being sent soaring dozens of metres into the sky every fifteen to twenty minutes or so. We saw the ‘big one’ early, I missed it with my camera, and didn’t want to get any more soaked whilst waiting for the next surge.


Strokkur can fire up to 30m in the air


Of course, Icelanders are used to this ‘changeable’ weather. How do they keep warm? With soup. Lots of soup. Two large bowls of meat and fish soup warmed me up (and more importantly took long enough to eat that I started to dry out) that I was ready for our drive down south.


I was too busy eating the soup to take a picture
of it, so here's another one of Strokkur

Thor wouldn't have complained about getting wet


This took in two beautiful waterfalls, both made famous by...Justin Bieber. Yes. This first one is called Seljalandsfoss and apparently wasn’t frequently visited until the pop star came and stood under it in his underpants. With the water supposedly as brisk 2’C, it’s no wonder he can still hit some high notes.


The falls drop over 60 metres

You can also walk behind these falls, which was fun


The next one is called Skogafoss, a 62m-high fall which is rumoured to have a chest of gold hidden behind it. Maybe that’s why Bieber went to this one as well…


These falls are 62 metres high

A steep staircase takes you a little above the drop


The weather had once again worsened by this time, with fog rendering it impossible to see much of Iceland’s ridiculously photogenic landscape. At some point we passed Eyjafjallajökull, the volcano which caused a bit of an issue for European flights in 2010, but couldn’t even see its outline. 


It's over there somewhere...

On other days, there would be some brilliant scenery to stare at


Our last stop on this long and wet day was the black sand beach at Reynisfjara. The sand is black due to the basalt rock being eroded over time. I spent a lot of time looking at it, as it was challenging to look up with a gale slapping you with freezing North Atlantic air.


Waves are commonly strong here - our guide showed us a clip
of tourists being upended when facing away from the sea 

Basalt is the most common type of solidified lava


This is one of the best places to see puffins in Iceland. It was the perfect time of year to see them as well. Needless to say, we didn’t get close. I’d imagine they’d been blown away.


Not a bird in sight...

The beach does have these amazing hexagonal columns


Soaked doesn’t do it justice now. I was saturated. My trousers couldn’t take on any more water. My feet were squelching with each step. What would an Icelander do in this situation? Probably change into new clothes. As mine were locked in a suitcase I still couldn’t access, I opted for sitting on a radiator in a restaurant and toasting the day with the local shot: Brennevin.


I'm pointing to the original colour. The camera has lightened
the thigh part, they were also soaked through.

The shot has a bit of a carraway taste to it, and
wasn't 'disgusting' as suggested by the guide


It was quite the introduction to Iceland outside its cute capital. The weather made it more atmospheric, and was a reminder of what locals experience here for much of the year. Even in the rain, the Golden Circle and the south coast are full of spectacular sights.





Love you all,


Matt